| 改革 | gai3 ge2 | to reform |
| 改造 | gai3 zao4 | to reform |
| 整改 | zheng3 gai3 | to reform |
| 变法 | bian4 fa3 | political reform |
| 梁启超 | liang2 qi3 chao1 | Liang Qichao (1873-1929), influential journalist and a leader of the failed reform movement of 1898 |
| 康有为 | kang1 you3 wei2 | Kang Youwei (1858-1927), Confucian intellectual, educator and would-be reformer, main leader of the failed reform movement of 1898 |
| 维新 | wei2 xin1 | modernization |
| 改良主义 | gai3 liang2 zhu3 yi4 | reformism (i.e. favoring gradual change as opposed to revolution) |
| 转型 | zhuan3 xing2 | reform |
| 路德 | lu4 de2 | Luther (name) |
| 土地改革 | tu3 di4 gai3 ge2 | land reform |
| 改制 | gai3 zhi4 | to reform |
| 法家 | fa3 jia1 | Legalist school of philosophy in pre-Han times, including Shang Yang 商鞅 and Han Feizi 韓éžå韩éžå |